Opioid analgesics are prescribed for moderate to severe pain, particularly of visceral origin. Evidence of efficacy and safety is strongest for use in acute pain and

Sulfadiazine is a short-acting sulphonamide with bacteriostatic activity against a broad spectrum of organisms. The importance of the sulfonamides has decreased Complete PDF

Phytosome is a patented technology that involves chemical interactions between phospholipids and water soluble herbal compounds, suitable as drug delivery systems for topical and oral administration.

Km and Vmax are determined by incubating the enzyme with varying concentrations of substrate; the results can be plotted as a graph of rate of reaction (v) against

Water and alcohols have similar properties because water molecules contain hydroxyl groups that can form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and with alcohol molecules, and likewise alcohol molecules can form

Pyrimethamine and trimethoprim are the most widely used dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Pyrimethamine is a known terattogen but is more effective then trimethoprim, which is usually administered

Causes of Nonlinearity 1. Drug Absorption Three causes: I) Solubility / dissolution of drug is rate-limited; Griseofulvin – at high concentration in intestine. II) Carrier – mediated

A drug or substance that reduces inflammation (redness, swelling, and pain) in the body. Anti–inflammatory agents block certain substances in the body that cause Complete PDF

Sulfisoxazole is a sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. It has a role as an

An analgesic is a medicine that relieves pain. These drugs can be sold as an over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription drug. Completed PDF

Nanoparticles have applications in the formulation of poorly water soluble drugs to improve their bioavailability. Preparation and evaluation fenofibrate-loaded nanoparticles by precipitation method to enhance solubility and bioavailability was the primary aim

Causes of Nonlinearity 1. Drug Absorption Three causes: I) Solubility / dissolution of drug is rate-limited; Griseofulvin – at high concentration in intestine. II) Carrier – mediated

Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. The brain is the most sensitive. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation

Non–Hodgkin’s lymphoma is cancer that originates in your lymphatic system, the disease-fighting network spread throughout your body. In non–Hodgkin’s lymphoma, tumors develop from lymphocytes — a type of

Lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). The name often refers to just the cancerous versions

Barbiturate overdose is poisoning due to excessive doses of barbiturates. Symptoms typically include difficulty thinking, poor coordination, decreased level of consciousness, and a decreased effort to breathe (respiratory depression).

Commercial significant thiazoles include mainly dyes and fungicides. Thifluzamide, Tricyclazole, and Thiabendazole are marketed for control of various agricultural pests. Another widely used thiazole derivative is the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

ESTS TO DISTINGUISH CLASSES OF ALCOHOLS 1) Lucas Test – The alcohol is shaken with Lucas reagent (a solution of ZnCl2 in…Complete PDF

Most cultures of man, from earliest times, have had recourse to some form of narcotic, often hallucinogenic, drug. These hallucinogens, often derived from plants, have

Genes and Chromosomes. Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body. Chromosomes are structures

Principle: Sulphanilamide can beprepared by taking acetanilide and treating it with excess of chlorosulphonic acid, which gives p-acetamidobenzenesulphonyl chloride which readily converted into corresponding p-acetamidobenzenesulphonamides upon reaction

Alkyl halides are among the most versatile compounds in the chemical industry. Small haloalkanes are some of the most commonly used solvents in chemical laboratories; chlorofluorocarbons have seen

Opioid drugs may be classified as agonists (full or partial receptor activators), antagonists (receptor blockers), or mixed agonist-antagonists, which are capable of activating one opioid receptor subtype and blocking another

Pharmacokinetics sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to … The final outcome of the transformations that a drug undergoes in an … Graphs

In transduction, DNA is accidentally moved from one bacterium to another by a virus. In conjugation, DNA is transferred between bacteria through a tube between cells. Transposable elements

Drugs of plant, animal, microbiological, marine, mineral, geographical origins constitute the natural sources. The entire plant, plant parts, secretion, and exudate of plants are the sources of plant drugs. Complete PDF  

A sulfonamide or the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is the … are believed to act synergistically on specific targets in bacterial DNA synthesis. Complete PDF

Resealed Erythrocytes: Such drug-loaded carrier erythrocytes are as Carriers of Primaquin Preparation: Characterization and Evaluation. Complete PDF

The function of the external female reproductive structures (the genital) is twofold: To enable sperm to enter the body and to protect the internal.. Complete PDF

Effects of Central Nervous System Drugs on Recovery After Stroke: A Systematic Review … review the effects of antidepressants, anti-Alzheimer drugs, anti-Parkinson drugs, central nervous system (CNS) stimulants and

Structure-activity relationships of phenytoin-like anticonvulsant drugs. … structure-activity relationships (SAR) indicate the importance of the capability of forming.. Get the PDF

Nanosuspension is a colloidal dispersion of submicron drug particles. A pharmaceutical nanosuspension is usually defined as very finely dispersed and biphasic Get the PDF

Pharmacokinetic two–compartment model. Pharmacokinetics refers to the rate and extent of distribution of a drug to different tissues, and the rate of elimination of the drug

 Carrier erythrocytes have been evaluated in thousands of drug administration in … Carrier erythrocytes, resealed erythrocytes loaded by a drug or other … lipoproteins, liposomes, erythrocytes (Jaitely V, 1996). …

SN2 Definition. The SN2 reaction – A Nucleophilic Substitution in which the Rate Determining Step involves 2 components. –SN2 reactions are bimolecular with simultaneous bond-making and bond-breaking steps. –SN2

Imidazole derivatives have occupied a unique place in the field of medicinal chemistry. It is the constituent of several natural compounds like histamine, histamine, biotin, alkaloids and

Antimicrobial. In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis. Sulfonamides are therefore bacteriostatic and inhibit growth and multiplication

Alkyl halides (also known as haloalkanes) are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine,

  Pathophysiology is the study of the changes of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease or resulting from an abnormal syndrome.

Alcoholic liver disease is a result of overconsuming alcohol that damages the liver, leading to a buildup of fats, inflammation, and scarring. It can be fatal. The condition is

Suspension culture is a type of culture in which single cells or small aggregates of cells multiply while suspended in agitated liquid medium. It is also referred to as cell culture or

Polyploid organisms contain more than two sets of chromosomes. … that arise within a species and those that arise due to the hybridization of two distinct species. …

The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops

Pyrazole, any of a class of organic compounds of the heterocyclic series … Science · Technology · Health & Medicine · Sports & Recreation … in nature;

Nanoemulsions are prepared by the spontaneous emulsification method (titration method). They can be prepared simply by blending oil, water, surfactant, and cosurfactant, in the right proportion, with mild agitation.  

Method of residuals : the biexponential disposition curve obtained after i. V. Bolus of a drug that fits two compartment model can be resolved into its individual exponents

Some kind of blood substitutes developed over time, including simple … artificial blood substitute for oxygen carrying and expanding the plasma … no specific interaction between blood components and administered PFCs … For

Pharmacokinetics / Biopharmaceutics – Multi compartment IV bolus. …  The plasma level–time curve for a drug that follows a two–compartment model shows that the plasma drug concentration

colloid is a mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed … Entropic forces: According to the second law of thermodynamics, a system … In a stable colloid, mass

While ivermectin is the sole drug used in community-directed treatment of onchocerciasis, DEC or ivermectin in combinantion with albendazole is… more

In transformation, a bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment. In transduction, DNA is accidentally moved from one bacterium to another by a

The male reproductive system includes the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles. The penis and the urethra are part of the urinary and reproductive

In organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry, nucleophilic substitution is a fundamental class of reactions in which a leaving group(electrophile) is replaced by an electron rich compound(nucleophile). The whole molecular

This discussion begins with the anti-leprosy drugs included in the standard WHO-recommended MDT treatment of leprosy: dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine. Next, a number of newer antimicrobial agents

How antidepressants work It’s not known exactly how antidepressants work. It’s thought they work by increasing levels of chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters. Certain

Synthesis of Pyrazole. Reaction of a 1,3-diketone and hydrazine gives a five-membered heterocycle known as a pyrazole. The enamine and imine formed make the heterocycle aromatic

Conjugated dienes are more stable than non conjugated dienes (both isolated and cumulated) due to factors such as delocalization of charge through resonance and hybridization energy. This can also explain

Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims defining the invention which must be new, inventive, and useful or applicable. In most countries, both natural persons

A liposome is a spherical vesicle having at least one lipid bilayer. The liposome can be used as a vehicle for administration of nutrients and pharmaceutical drugs. Liposomes can be prepared

Praziquantel is a prescription drug used as anti-worm medication. It prevents newly hatched insect larvae (worms) from growing or multiplying in your body. Praziquantel is used to treat

In people with bipolar disorder, antipsychotics are also used “off label” as sedatives, for insomnia, anxiety, and/or agitation. Often, they are taken with a mood-stabilizing drug and can decrease

The extrusion technique was found to be the most efficient, followed by FTS, … The blank liposome (with no encapsulated drug) was prepared by hydrating … Vesicles produced by this technique are extruded under pressure

Peptic ulcers occur when acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner surface of the stomach or small intestine. The acid can create a painful open sore that

The excretory system is the system of an organism’s body that performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes. The Excretory system is responsible for the elimination of

This review provides an update on laboratory testing and monitoring for existing and emerging anticoagulants, starting with an overview of haemostasis and the routine coagulation

Disulfiram (Antabuse) is an alcoholism medication that helps reduce craving by discouraging the consumption of alcohol. See how it works & the side effects. Download the Pdf

Natural medicines often suffer the problem of the physical instability due to the presence of impurities and reaction with the container. Conditions like growth of the microorganisms and

A multi–compartment model is a type of mathematical model used for describing the way materials or energies are transmitted among the compartments of a system. Each compartment is assumed to be a homogeneous

Mannich bases are the end products of Mannich reaction and are known as beta-amino ketone carrying compounds. Mannich reaction is a carbon-carbon bond forming nucleophilic

Pills containing anthelmintics are used in mass deworming campaigns of school-aged children in many developing countries. The drugs of choice for soil-transmitted helminths are mebendazole and albendazole; for schistosomiasis

Synthesis Reactions & medicinal uses of Thiopene. Reactivity, aromaticity of pyrrole, furan and thiophene. Basicity of pyrrole. Full Pdf Download here

Stability testing is an important component of herbal drugs and products (HDPs) development process. Drugs regulatory agencies across the globe have recommended guidelines for the

Electrical Properties of Colloidal Solutions The particles of the colloidal solution carry the same type of charge, while the dispersion medium carries an equal and opposite charge. The

Liposomes were prepared by thin film method using soya lecithin and cholesterol. Physicochemical characteristics of the liposomes such as, particle size, drug encapsulation efficiency were determined. Also, drug

Acute systemic toxicity assaying is the most commonly performed, and includes a single exposure with a 72-hour observation period. Repeat or continuous exposure periods are

Chlorpromazine (CPZ), marketed under the trade names Thorazine and Largactil among others, is an antipsychotic medication. It is primarily used to treat psychotic disorders such

The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste

Nanotechnology is being used in developing countries to help treat disease and prevent health issues. The umbrella term for this kind of nanotechnology is Nanomedicine. … In industry, applications may

Diels-Alder reaction of furan with arynes provides corresponding derivatives of dihydronaphthalenes, which are useful intermediates in synthesis of other polycyclic aromatic compounds. Hydrogenation of furans sequentially affords dihydrofurans and tetrahydrofurans.   Get the

The benzodiazepines most commonly used for treatment of epilepsy are lorazepam, diazepam, clonazepam, and clobazam. The first 2 drugs are used mainly for emergency treatment of seizures because of

Introduction to anthelminticsThe helminths comprise two major groups of multicellular worms that evolved from a commonancestor some 600 million years ago and diverged into two

Translation is the RNA directed synthesis of polypeptides. This process requires all three classes of RNA. Although the chemistry of peptide bond formation is relatively

Electrophilic and Radical Addition. The reactions of 1,3-butadiene are reasonably typical of conjugated dienes. The compound undergoes the usual reactions of alkenes, such as catalytic hydrogenation or radical and polar additions, but it does

Antipsychotic medications are used as a short or long-term treatments for bipolar disorder to control psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, or mania symptoms. These symptoms may occur during acute mania or severe depression. Some also

The drugs discussed in this chapter have the common pharmacologic characteristic of being central nervous system (CNS) depressants, and they are capable of inducing various

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Meaning of Callus Culture: Callus is formed by the proliferation of the parent tissue. The cells of a callus are parenchymatous, amorphous and unorganised. Generally

Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to serve as means

The stability studies of pharmaceutical products are one of the very important parameter for development of new drugs as well as new formulations. The shelf-life

The whole blood which is a mixture of cells, colloids and crystalloids can be separated into different blood components namely packed red blood cell (PRBC)

The vasculature, composed of vessels of different morphology and function, distributes blood to all tissues and maintains physiological tissue homeostasis. In pathologies, the vasculature is

Highlights • Pulsed photoluminescence and pulsed cathodoluminescence spectra and decay kinetics of nano- and microcrystals of zinc tungstate in the organosilicic matrix compared to a

What Causes Thyroid Problems? All types of hyperthyroidism are due to an overproduction of thyroid hormones, but the condition can occur in several ways: Graves’ disease: The

The Design Of The Respiratory System The human gas-exchanging organ, the lung, is located in the thorax, where its delicate tissues are protected by the bony

The pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion following single intramuscular administration of levofloxacin at a dose of 4 mg/kg was investigated in seven male cross bred calves.

Chemotherapy for Malignant Mesothelioma Chemotherapy (chemo) is treatment with anti-cancer drugs. It’s used in many different ways to treat mesothelioma. More studies are needed to

Antiprotozoal agents Antiprotozoal therapy must be comprehensive and should cover all likely pathogens in the context of the clinical setting. In the treatment of trichomoniasis,

Derivatives of carboxylie acids in which the OH portion of the COOH group has been replaced by NH2 (as such or substituted) are called amides or, more accurately, carboxamides.